The right to translation in health crises: COVID-19 in Spain, 2020
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37536/FITISPos-IJ.2021.8.1.276Keywords:
Translation, Institutional communication, Analysis of translated materials, Health crisis, Traducción, Comunicación institucional, Análisis materiales traducidos, Crisis sanitariaAbstract
This article addresses the problem of communication with foreign populations at the beginning of the 2020 COVID-19 health crisis in order to keep them informed about symptoms, safety measures, and access to healthcare services. We examine the translation of health crisis preparedness materials and communication materials aimed at the foreign population from a perspective based on human rights. In addition, we analyze the information on COVID-19 published by both public institutions and non-governmental organizations with the aim of comparing the communication they have each maintained with the non-Spanish-speaking foreign population. Our two main hypotheses are that Spanish public institutions will offer basic information about the crisis in English but will not include other foreign languages; and that NGOs will offer more detailed and updated information in a wider variety of foreign languages. We base our study on the right to information and the accompanying right to translation, and we analyze the above-mentioned materials within a 4-A conceptual framework (availability, accessibility, acceptability, and adaptability) to determine how translation is addressed. In conclusion, we explore the idea that the lack of translated information is a consequence of the absence of explicit references to communication with the foreign population and translation in health crisis preparedness and response materials.
Downloads
References
Angelelli, C. (2015). Study on public service translation in cross-border healthcare. Luxemburgo: Oficina de Publicaciones de la Unión Europea. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/6382fb66-8387-11e5-b8b7-01aa75ed71a1
Alexander, D. y Pescaroli, G. (2019). The role of translators and interpreters in cascading crises and disasters: Towards a framework for confronting the challenges. Disaster Prevention and Management, 29(2), 144–156.
Cadwell, P. (2015). Translation and trust: A case study of how translation was experienced by foreign nationals resident in Japan for the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (Tesis doctoral, Dublin City University, Dublín, Irlanda). http://doras.dcu.ie/20839/1/PHD_Thesis_Patrick_Cadwell_2015.pdf
Centro Europeo para la Prevención y el Control de las Enfermedades (ECDC). (2009). Guide to public health measures to reduce the impact of influenza pandemics in Europe: ‘The ECDC Menu’. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/media/en/publications/Publications/0906_TER_Public_Health_Measures_for_Influenza_Pandemics.pdf
Centro Europeo para la Prevención y el Control de las Enfermedades (ECDC). (2016). Handbook on using the ECDC preparedness checklist took to strengthen preparedness against communicable disease outbreaks at migrant reception/detention centres. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/media/en/publications/Publications/preparedness-checklist-migrant-centres-tool.pdf
Centro Europeo para la Prevención y el Control de las Enfermedades (ECDC). (2020). Guidance on infection prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in migrant and refugee reception and detention centres in the EU/EEA and the United Kingdom. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-guidance-prevention-control-migrant-refugee-centres#no-link
Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales de la ONU (CESCR). (2000). General comment no. 14: The right to the highest attainable standard of health (article 12). United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights at the at the Twenty-second Session, E/C.12/2005/4, 11 August 2000. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Education/Training/Compilation/Pages/e)GeneralCommentNo14Therighttothehighestattainablestandardofhealth(article12)(2000).aspx
Consejo de Europa. (1950). Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos y de las Libertades Fundamentales. https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_SPA.pdf
International Council on Human Rights Policy (ICHRP). (2005). Local government and human rights: Doing good service.
Constitución española. Boletín Oficial del Estado, 311, de 29 de diciembre de 1978, pp. 29313 a 29424.
Federici, F.M. y Al Sharou, K. (2018). Moses, time, and crisis translation. Translation and Interpreting Studies, 13(3), 486–508.
Greenwood, F., Howarth, C., Escudero Poole, D., Raymond, N.A. y Scarnecchia, D.P. (2017). The signal code: A human rights approach to information during crisis. Harvard Humanitarian Initiative. https://hhi.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/publications/signalcode_final.pdf
Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (2020a, 8 de junio). Cifras de población (CP) a 1 de enero de 2020: Estadística de migraciones (EM). Año 2019 [Nota de prensa]. https://www.ine.es/prensa/cp_e2020_p.pdf
Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (2020b, 11 de diciembre). Cuenta satélite del turismo de España (CSTE). Revisión estadística 2019 [Nota de prensa]. https://www.ine.es/prensa/cst_2019.pdf
Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (2021a, 28 de enero). Cifras de población (CP) a 1 de julio de 2020: Estadística de migraciones (EM). Primer semestre de 2020 [Nota de prensa]. https://www.ine.es/prensa/cp_j2020_p.pdf
Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (2021b, 3 de febrero). Estadística de movimientos turísticos en fronteras (FRONTUR) [Nota de prensa]. https://www.ine.es/daco/daco42/frontur/frontur1220.pdf
Ley 17/2015, de 9 de julio, del Sistema Nacional de Protección Civil. Boletín Oficial del Estado, 164, de 10 de julio de 2015. https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2015/BOE-A-2015-7730-consolidado.pdf
Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo de España. (2006). Actualización del plan nacional de preparación y respuesta ante una pandemia de gripe. https://www.mscbs.gob.es/ciudadanos/enfLesiones/enfTransmisibles/docs/ActualizacionPlan_diciembre2006.pdf
Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo de España. (2007). Estudio de inmigración y salud pública: enfermedades infecciosas importadas. https://www.mscbs.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/prevPromocion/promocion/migracion/docs/estudioInmigracion.pdf
Ministerio de Sanidad. (2020). Equidad en Salud y COVID- 19. Análisis y propuestas para abordar la vulnerabilidad epidemiológica vinculada a las desigualdades sociales. https://www.mscbs.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/nCov/documentos/COVID19_Equidad_en_salud_y_COVID-19.pdf
O’Brien, S., Federici, F., Cadwell, P., Marlowe, J. y Gerber, B. (2018). Language translation during disaster: A comparative analysis of five national approaches. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 31, 627–636.
Oficina del Alto Comisionado para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH). (2020). Directrices relativas a la COVID-19. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Events/COVID-19_Guidance_SP.pdf
Orden INT/228/2020, de 15 de marzo, por la que se establecen criterios de aplicación del Real Decreto 463/2020, de 14 de marzo, por el que se declara el estado de alarma para la gestión de la situación de crisis sanitaria ocasionada por el COVID-19, en el ámbito del Sistema Nacional de Protección Civil. Boletín Oficial del Estado, 68, de 15 de marzo de 2020, 25415 a 25416. https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2020/03/15/pdfs/BOE-A-2020-3696.pdf
Organización de la Naciones Unidas. La resolución 2200 A (XXI), Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos (16 de diciembre de 1966). https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/ccpr_SP.pdf
Organización de las Naciones Unidas. (2015). Marco Sendai para la reducción del riesgo de desastres 2015-2030. https://www.unisdr.org/files/43291_spanishsendaiframeworkfordisasterri.pdf
Organización Internacional para las Migraciones. (2019). Migration Health Annual Report 2018. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/mhd_ar_2018.pdf
Organización Internacional para las Migraciones. (2020). IOM Global strategic preparedness and response plan: Coronavirus disease 2019. https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/country_appeal/file/iom_covid19_appeal_15.04.2020.pdf
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2017). La gestión de riesgos ante una pandemia de gripe: Guía de la OMS para fundamentar y armonizar las medidas nacionales e internacionales de preparación y respuesta ante una pandemia. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272829/WHO-WHE-IHM-GIP-2017.1-spa.pdf
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2018). Report on the health of refugees and migrants in the WHO European Region: no public health without refugee and migrant health. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/311347/9789289053846-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Tomaševski, K. (1999). Preliminary report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education. United Nations Commission on Human Rights at the Fifty-fifth Session, E/CN.4/1999/49, 13 January 1999. https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en/E/CN.4/1999/49
Tomaševski, K. (2001). Human rights obligations: making education available, accessible, acceptable and adaptable. Right to education primers, 3. Gothenburg: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). http://www.right-to-education.org/sites/right-to-education.org/files/resource-attachments/Tomasevski_Primer%203.pdf
Unión Europea. (2010). Directiva 2010/64/UE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 20 de octubre de 2010, relativa al derecho a interpretación y a traducción en los procesos penales. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32010L0064&from=EN
Valero Garcés, C. y Monzón, S. (2018). El presente de la traducción e interpretación en los servicios públicos en la zona centro. En A.I. Foulquié-Rubio, M. Vargas-Urpi y M. Fernández Pérez (Eds.), Panorama de la traducción y la interpretación en los servicios públicos españoles: Una década de cambios, retos y oportunidades (pp. 119–136). Granada: Editorial Comares.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Lauren A. Llerandi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
a. Authors retain copyright and guaranteeing the journal the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b. Authors can set separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, place it in an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
c. It allows and encourages authors to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more early and most of the published works (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
